Fin 623 mid & final papers

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Explain renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy and mention the advantage of such classification.?

ANS:

 Those sources of energy which will be available as long as the heat from sun reaches the earth are called renewable sources of energy. The renewable sources are generally pollution-free.Solar energy, hydel energy, wind energy, tidal energy, etc. are renewable sources of energy.

           Those sources of energy whose formation takes millions of years and which are limited in supply are called nonrenewable sources of energy.Nonrenewable sources create heavy pollution. Coal, petroleum, natural gas, etc. are nonrenewable sources of energy. The advantage of such classification of energy sources is that it helps us to decide about the conservation of available energy sources for future generation.

           It also helps us in development of alternative sources of energy accelerating the scope for the development of appropriate technology




Write a note on solar cooker.

ANS:

Solar cooker is a device that uses solar energy in the form of heat for cooking food. As shown in figure, solar cooker consists of a container box whose body is made up of nonconducting plastic or fibrous material and insulated from outside to prevent heat loss.

            A plane mirror is fixed on the top of the box in such a way that it reflects sun rays into the box. Solar cooker contains small containers painted black externally to absorb heat. The box is covered with a glass-sheet to retain the heat inside due to greenhouse effect. This he develops about 100-140°C temperature inside the box within 2-3 hours when placed in sun rays.



ADVANTAGES

1. There is no combustion of fuel.

2. Maintenance is negligible.

3. It is pollution-free.

4. The natural taste of the food is maintained as it conserves all nutrients.

5. During the preparation of food no personal attention is needed.



 LIMITATIONS

1. Food cannot be cooked on a cloudy day or in absence of direct sunlight

2. It takes very long time for cooking.

Write a note on Solar Cells.?

ANS:

Solar cell is a device that converts solar energy directly into electrical energy.  Earlier, it was observed that when solar rays fall on a thin wafer of selenium, electricity is generated.  A solar cell made of selenium wafer converts only 0.7% of solar energy into electrical energy which is a very small output and hence impracticable for generating electricity.

          The first solar cell made in 1954 could convert about 1% of incident solar energy into electricity. Modern solar cells most commonly made from semi metal silicon can have efficiency of upto 25%. Silicon is easily available and is eco-friendly. A typical solar cell consisting of a 2 x 2 cm square piece of pure silicon can produce about 0.7 watt electricity with about 10% efficiency.

This electricity is quite small and to get large amount of electricity several solarcells are connected together in series. This arrangement is called Solar Panel.

* ADVANTAGES:

1. Solar cells provide eco-friendly environment.

2. Solar cells can be used anywhere as a self-generating source of electricity.

* LIMITATIONS:

1. The availability of the special grade silicon required for making solar cells is very limited.

2. The cost of connecting material used in solar panels is very high as it is generally silver.

3. The current produced by solar cells is direct current (DC) and it has to be converted to alternating current (AC) for some devices. This involves high cost and loss of efficiency.

4. The conventional method of storing solar energy in storage batteries is not efficient enough.

* USES:

1. In artificial satellites.

2. In radio wireless transmission.

3. In TV transmission.

4. In traffic signals and research centres.

5. In calculators and watches.

6. In solar cars.

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1       
Which of the following are microeconomic variables that help define and explain the discipline of finance?
 
          A)      risk and return
          B)      capital structure
          C)      inflation
          D)      all of the above
 
Explanation: All of the above are relevant in explaining finance.
 
2                
One primary macroeconomic variable that helps define and explain the discipline of finance?
          A)      capital structure
          B)      inflation
          C)      technology
          D)      risk
 
Explanation: Technology is very important in explaining the field of finance.
 
3                
The money markets deal with _________.
          A)      securities with a life of more than one year
          B)      short-term securities
          C)      securities such as common stock
          D)      none of the above
 
Explanation: The money markets are concerned with short-term securities, those with a life less than one year.
 
4
The ability of a firm to convert an asset to cash is called ____________.
 
          A)      liquidity
          B)      solvency
          C)      return
          D)      marketability
 
Explanation: Liquidity also means how close an asset is to cash.
 
5       
Early in the history of finance, an important issue was:
 
          A)      liquidity
          B)      technology
          C)      capital structure
          D)      financing options
 
Explanation: Maintaining liquidity was a major concern historically.
 
6                
The ___________________ is the most common form of business organization in the U.S.
 
          A)      corporation
          B)      partnership
          C)      sole proprietorship
          D)      none of the above
 
Explanation: There are more sole proprietorships than any other form of business organization.
 
7                
The ____________________ has more sales in dollars than any other form of business organization.
 
          A)      sole proprietorship
          B)      partnership
          C)      corporation
          D)      none of the above
 
Explanation: The corporation is the most important in terms of dollars.
 
8                
One major disadvantage of the sole proprietorship is ________________.
 
          A)      simplicity of decision-making
          B)      unlimited liability
          C)      low operational costs
          D)      none of the above
 
Explanation: The owners of a sole proprietorship are personally liable.
 
9       
The appropriate firm goal in a capitalist society is ________________.
 
          A)      profit maximization
          B)      shareholder wealth maximization
          C)      social responsibility
          D)      none of the above
 
Explanation: The goal is to maximize the wealth of shareholders.
 
10     
The agency problem will occur in a business firm if the goals of ____________ and shareholders do not agree.
 
          A)      investors
          B)      the public
          C)      management
          D)      none of the above
 
Explanation: The goals of management may be different from those of shareholders.
 

Review of Accounting

 
1                
The accounting statements that a firm is required to file include all but one of these.
 
          A)      Balance Sheet
          B)      Statement of Accounts Receivable
          C)      Income Statement
          D)      Statement of Cash Flows
 
Explanation: The required statements include the income statement, balance sheet and statement of changes in cash flows. The statement of changes in owners equity (or retained earnings) is also required by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles but is not covered in this text.
 
2       
The _______________ shows the firm's operating results over a period of time.
 
          A)      Income Statement
          B)      Statement of Cash Flows
          C)      Balance Sheet
          D)      None of the above
 
Explanation: The Income Statement represents a moving picture of a firm's revenues and expenses.
 
3       
All of the following except one are tax-deductible expenses.
 
          A)      interest expense
          B)      depreciation
          C)      common stock dividends
          D)      income taxes
 
Explanation: Common stock dividends are not tax deductible to a firm.
 
4       
All of the following are non-operating expenses except _____________.
 
          A)      interest expense
          B)      cost of goods sold
          C)      preferred stock dividends
          D)      taxes
 
Explanation: The cost of goods sold is an operating expense.
 
5                
Bondholders receive _____________ from the business firm.
 
          A)      preferred dividend payments
          B)      common stock payments
          C)      interest payments
          D)      royalties
 
Explanation: Bondholders are typically paid interest semi-annually.
 
6                
The ratio of net income to common shares outstanding is called ______________.
 
          A)      price/earnings ratio
          B)      earnings per share
          C)      dividends per share
          D)      none of the above
 
Explanation: This is called the earnings per share (EPS).
 
7
Usually, firms with high price/earnings ratios are ____________ firms.
 
          A)      growth
          B)      declining
          C)      mature
          D)      none of the above
 
Explanation: A high p/e ratio indicates a firm with strong growth prospects
 
8
One of the limitations of the ____________ is that it is based on historical costs.
 
          A)      income statement
          B)      statement of cash flows
          C)      balance sheet
          D)      none of the above
 
Explanation: The balance sheet uses historical costs.
 
9                
A source of funds is a:
 
          A)      decrease in a current asset
          B)      decrease in a current liability
          C)      increase in a current liability
          D)      a and c above
 
Explanation: A decrease in current assets is equivalent to an increase in current liabilities.
 
10               
Short-term financing for a business firm includes:
 
          A)      bonds
          B)      accounts payable
          C)      stockholder's equity
          D)      mortgages
 
Explanation: The other three answers represent long-term financing
 

Financial Analysis

 
1                
Trend analysis allows a firm to compare its performance to:
 
          A)      other firms in the industry
          B)      other time periods within the firm
          C)      other industries
          D)      all of the above
 
Explanation: Trend analysis gives an analyst a long-term perspective. As a security analyst and a portfolio manager with Oppenheimer Capital, Dick Glasebrook spoke to a Senior Finance Managers’ Meeting at the Boeing Company on May 4, 1999. He said it is one thing to compare a firm’s performance against competitors within the same industry. But investors are not limited to specific industries. In fact, investors seek to diversify their investments across many different industries. Somanagement should also compare performance to any well run company--both in and outside of their industry.
 
2       
Ratio analysis allows a firm to compare its performance to:
 
          A)      other firms in the industry
          B)      other time periods within the firm
          C)      other industries
          D)      all of the above
 
Explanation: Trend analysis gives an analyst a long-term perspective. As a security analyst and a portfolio manager with Oppenheimer Capital, Dick Glasebrook spoke to a Senior Finance Managers’ Meeting at the Boeing Company on May 4, 1999. He said it is one thing to compare a firm’s performance against competitors within the same industry. But investors are not limited to specific industries. In fact, investors seek to diversify their investments across many different industries. Somanagement should also compare performance to any well run company--both in and outside of their industry.
 
3       
Usually, a firm's suppliers are most interested in its ________ ratios.
 
          A)      profitability
          B)      debt
          C)      asset utilization
          D)      liquidity
 
Explanation: The suppliers are most interested in getting paid, as shown by the liquidity of the firm.
 
4                
_______________ would be most interested in a firm's debt utilization ratios.
 
          A)      bondholders
          B)      stockholders
          C)      short-term creditors
          D)      Both A and B
 
Explanation: Debt is indicated by a firm issuing bonds but is also a function of the debt to equity relationship or the degree offinancial leverage. Both bond holders and stockholders are interested in this relationship although frof opposing viewpoints.
 
5                
The _____________ ratio indicates the return firm shareholders are earning.
 
          A)      return on assets
          B)      return on investment
          C)      return on equity
          D)      net profit margin
 
Explanation: The shareholders represent equity, or ownership in the firm.
 
6                
Which of the following is an example of a profitability ratio?
 
          A)      Quick ratio
          B)      Average collection period
          C)      Return on equity
          D)      Times interest earned
 
Explanation: This is the only profitability ratio that is listed. All profitability ratios have net income in the denominator.
 
7                
Total asset turnover will indicate if there is a problem with the _________ ratio.
 
          A)      debt to assets
          B)      times interest earned
          C)      fixed asset turnover
          D)      current
 
Explanation: Fixed asset turnover is part of total asset turnover.
 
8                
All of the following are asset utilization ratios except:
 
          A)      average collection period
          B)      inventory turnover
          C)      receivables turnover
          D)      return on assets
 
Explanation: Return on assets is a profitability ratio. Any ratio with net income in the denominator is a profitability ratio.
 
9                
If a firm's debt ratio is 55%, this means ______ of the firm's assets are financed by equity financing.
 
          A)      55%
          B)      50%
          C)      45%
          D)      not enough information to answer question
 
Explanation: The equity portion plus the debt portion must add up to 100%.
 
10     
All of the following can present problems for ratio analysis except:
 
          A)      inflation
          B)      inventory accounting methods
          C)      disinflation
          D)      all of the above
  Explanation: These all may cause problems